REVIEW
The box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis: a review of biology, invasiveness, management practices and future perspectives of control strategy in Europe
1
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznan, Poland
2
Regional Experimental Station in Rzeszów, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Rzeszów, Poland
A - Research concept and design; B - Collection and/or assembly of data; C - Data analysis and interpretation; D - Writing the article; E - Critical revision of the article; F - Final approval of article
Submission date: 2024-10-17
Acceptance date: 2024-11-14
Online publication date: 2025-12-13
Corresponding author
Marta Budziszewska
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznan, Poland
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznan, Poland
Journal of Plant Protection Research 2024;64(4):275-286
HIGHLIGHTS
- Cydalima perspectalis is an invasive pest threatening boxwood in Europe
- It is highly prolific species, producing multiple generations per year
- Microbiome interactions between box tree moth and plant offer new control strategies
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a significant invasive
pest threatening boxwood (Buxus spp.) in Europe, North America, and parts of Asia.
Since its initial detection in Europe in 2006, C. perspectalis has spread rapidly, causing
widespread damage to both ornamental and wild boxwood populations. Although extensive
investigations have been conducted on its biology, reproduction, ecology, and phenology,
achieving fully sustainable control strategies in Europe remains challenging, even
with numerous studies and pest management efforts documented in the literature. It is
a highly polivoltine species, with larvae that aggressively consume boxwood foliage leading
to defoliation and plant death. The economic impact in Europe has been particularly severe
in natural landscapes, especially in historical gardens. C. perspectalis is highly adapted to
feeding on boxwood. It is plausible that the microbiome of larvae might detoxify phytocompounds
and modify plant defense thus facilitating their survival and proliferation. This
review consolidates the current knowledge on C. perspectalis, including its biology, origin,
and distribution. Based on currently available literature, effective management strategies,
which primarily rely on monitoring and early detection, are discussed. Due to the challenges
in controlling this pest and the lack of effective natural enemies an integrated pest
management (IPM) approach is recommended. This strategy combines biological, chemical,
and mechanical methods to reduce populations and limit their destructive impact.
Furthermore, the pest’s ability to neutralize the natural toxins in boxwood leaves increases
the risk of insecticide resistance development. Consequently, understanding the microbial
interactions between C. perspectalis and its host plant could offer further pest control strategies
by targeting the microbiome to disrupt the detoxification process, making the insect
more susceptible to boxwood defenses.
RESPONSIBLE EDITOR
Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
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| eISSN: | 1899-007X |
| ISSN: | 1427-4345 |
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