ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Research on the certification of the apple orchard pest and disease control program as an innovative strategy for the production of apples practically free of pesticide residues, i.e., below 0.01 mg · kg–1
1
Institute of Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
2
Bio Berry Polska sp. z o.o., Lublin, Poland
3
Horti Team Paweł Krawiec, Lublin, Poland
4
Institute of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
5
Interdisciplinary Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research, University of Rzeszów, Werynia, Poland
A - Research concept and design; B - Collection and/or assembly of data; C - Data analysis and interpretation; D - Writing the article; E - Critical revision of the article; F - Final approval of article
Submission date: 2023-04-20
Acceptance date: 2023-08-02
Online publication date: 2023-10-31
Corresponding author
Bartosz Piechowicz
Institute of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
Institute of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
Journal of Plant Protection Research 2023;63(4):440-449
HIGHLIGHTS
- It will practically never be possible to supply the market with only tested fruit.
- It is necessary to prepare a certified program for the protection of apple orchard.
- The time after which, pesticide residues fall below 0.01 mg/kg, have been determined.
- Deadlines for the last application of pesticides have been established.
- A rational basis for reduction of fungicide application rate has been identified
KEYWORDS
apple orchardpest and disease controlpreharvest intervalresidues below 0.01 mg · kg–1residue disappearance
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research was to prepare the basis for the certification of the apple orchard
protection program by determining disappearance models for active ingredients (AIs) of
plant protection products (PPPs) in fruits. Field trials were carried out in a conventional
apple orchard protected with PPPs in accordance with the currently adopted program. Residues
of their AIs were determined using Agilent GC-MS/MS 7000D and LC-MS/MS 6470
QQQ, and their decreases were expressed by the exponential formula: Rt = R0 × e–k × t. Of all
the AIs found in mature fruits, captan disappeared at the fastest rate [t(1/2) in the range of
9 to 13 days], followed by fluopyram [t(1/2) = 13 days], tebuconazole [t(1/2) = 14 days] and carbendazim
[t(1/2) in the range of 24 to 32 days]. With the exception of dithiocarbamates and
some fungicides (e.g., Captan 80 WDG) based on captan and methyl thiophanate, other
insecticides and fungicides currently recommended can be used up to 3 months before
harvest practically with virtually no restrictions. From July 15 to August 15, the chemicals
effective at application rates not exceeding 0.3 kg of AI per ha should be used. To protect apples
against storage diseases, PPPs that are effective at a dose ≤ 0.1 kg AI per ha (e.g., certain
triazoles or strobilurins) and applied not later than 1 month before harvest, should be used.
RESPONSIBLE EDITOR
Piotr Kaczyński
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
REFERENCES (34)
1.
Alengebawy A., Abdelkhalek S.T., Qureshi S.R., Wang M.-Q. 2021. Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics 9 (3): 42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics....
2.
Barański M., Srednicka-Tober D., Volakakis N., Seal C., Sanderson R., Stewart G.B., Benbrook C., Biavati B., Markellou E., Giotis C., Gromadzka-Ostrowska J., Rembiałkowska E., Skwarło-Sońta K., Tahvonen R., Janovská D., Niggli U., Nicot P., Leifert C. 2014. Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. The British Journal of Nutrition 112 (5): 794–811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S00071....
3.
Bertero A., Fossati P., Caloni F. 2020. Indoor poisoning of companion animals by chemicals. Science of The Total Environment 733: 139366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
4.
Caloni F., Cortinovis C., Rivolta M., Davanzo F. 2016. Suspected poisoning of domestic animals by pesticides. Science of the Total Environment 539: 331–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
5.
Casida J.E. 2017. Pesticide interactions: mechanisms, benefits, and risks. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (23): 4553–4561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.ja....
6.
Damalas C.A. 2009. Understanding benefits and risks of pesticide use. Scientific Research and Essays 4 (10): 945–949.
7.
Damalas C.A. 2021. Farmers’ intention to reduce pesticide use: the role of perceived risk of loss in the model of the planned behavior theory. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28: 35278–35285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356....
8.
EFSA. 2018. European Food Safety Authority. The 2016 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA Journal 16 (7): e05348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa....
9.
Ferrer A. 2003. Pesticide poisoning. Anales del Sistema Sanitario De Navarra 26 (1): 155–171. DOI: https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/a....
10.
Geissen V., Silva V., Lwanga E.H., Beriot N., Oostindie K., Bin Z., Pyne E., Busink S., Zomer P., Mol H., Ritsema C.J. 2021. Cocktails of pesticide residues in conventional and organic farming systems in Europe – Legacy of the past and turning point for the future. Environmental Pollution 278: 116827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envp....
11.
Glavan G., Božič J. 2013. The synergy of xenobiotics in honey bee Apis mellifera: Mechanisms and effects. Acta Biologica Slovenica 56 (1): 11–25. DOI: http://bijh-s.zrc-sazu.si/ABS/....
12.
Hernández A.F., Parrón T., Tsatsakis A.M., Requena M., Alarcón R., López-Guarnido O. 2013. Toxic effects of pesticide mixtures at a molecular level: Their relevance to human health. Toxicology 307: 136–145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.....
13.
Jacquet F., Jeuffroy M.-H., Jouan J., Le Cadre E., Litrico I., Malausa T., Reboud X., Huyghe C. 2022. Pesticide-free agriculture as a new paradigm for research. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 42: 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593....
14.
Jankowska M., Kaczynski P., Hrynko I., Łozowicka B. 2016. Disappearance of six fungicides in greenhouse-grown tomatoes with processing and health risk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23: 11885–11900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356....
15.
Kowalska G., Pankiewicz U., Kowalski R.. 2022. Assessment of pesticide content in apples and selected citrus fruits subjected to simple culinary processing. Applied Sciences 12 (3): 1417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app120....
16.
Larsen A.E., Claire Powers L., McComb S. 2021. Identifying and characterizing pesticide use on 9,000 fields of organic agriculture. Nature Communications 12: 5461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467....
17.
Łozowicka B., Kaczyński P. 2011. Pesticide residues in apples (2005–2010). Archives of Environmental Protection 37 (3): 43–54.
18.
Meemken E.M., Qaim M. 2018. Organic agriculture, food security, and the environment. Annual Review of Resource Economics 10: 39–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....
19.
Nowacka A., Hołodyńska-Kulas A. 2020. Pesticide residues in agricultural crops (2016–2017). Progress in Plant Protection 60 (3): 201–231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2....
20.
Piechowicz B., Kuliga A., Kobylarz D., Koziorowska A., Zaręba L., Podbielska M., Piechowicz I., Sadło S. 2022. A case study on the occurrence of pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and cyflufenamid residues in soil and on apple leaves, blossoms and pollen, and their transfer by worker bees to the hive. Journal of Plant Protection Research 62 (2): 176–188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24425/jppr.....
21.
Piechowicz B., Sadło S., Szpyrka E., Stawarczyk K., Stawarczyk M., Grodzicki P. 2016. Disappearance of some fungicides in mature apples immediately before supplying fruit to the consumer. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 25 (10): 4246–4252.
22.
Podbielska M., Szpyrka E., Piechowicz B., Zwolak A., Sadło S. 2017. Behavior of fluopyram and tebuconazole and some selected pesticides in ripe apples and consumer exposure assessment in the applied crop protection framework. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 189: 350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661....
23.
Sadło S., Grodzicki P., Piechowicz B. 2017. Disappearance of captan, boscalid and trifloxystrobin residues in apples of four varieties within 2 months before their harvest. Journal of Plant Disease and Protection 124: 177–184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348....
24.
Sadło S., Piechowicz B., Podbielska M., Szpyrka E. 2018. A study on residue levels of fungicides and insecticides applied according to the program of raspberry protection. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25: 8057–8068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356....
25.
Sadło S., Szpyrka E., Piechowicz B., Grodzicki P. 2015. A case study on toxicological aspects of the pest and disease control in the production of the high-quality raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). Journal of Environmental Science and Health B 50 (1): 8–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/036012....
26.
Sadło S., Walorczyk S., Grodzicki P., Piechowicz B. 2016. Usage of the relationship between the application rates of the active ingredient of fungicides and their residue levels in mature apples to creating a coherent system of MRLs. Journal of Plant Disease and Protection 123: 101–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348....
27.
Saleh R., Bearth A., Siegrist M. 2021. How chemophobia affects public acceptance of pesticide use and biotechnology in agriculture. Food Quality and Preference 91: 104197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food....
28.
SANTE. 2022. Document SANTE/11312/2021. Analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed SANTE 11312/2021. [Available on: https://food.ec.europa.eu/syst...] [Accessed: 16 September 2023].
29.
Seufert V., Ramankutty N. 2017. Many shades of gray - the context-dependent performance of organic agriculture. Science Advances 3: e1602638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv....
30.
Su Y., Mitchell S.H., Mac AntSaoir S. 2003. Carbendazim and metalaxyl residues in post-harvest treated apples. Food Additives and Contaminants 20 (8): 720–727. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/026520....
31.
Tasiopoulou S., Chiodini A. M., Vellere F., Visentin S. 2007. Results of the monitoring program of pesticide residues in organic food of plant origin in Lombardy (Italy). Journal of Environmental Science and Health B 42 (7): 835–841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/036012....
32.
Vereijken P. 1986. From conventional to integrated agriculture. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34: 387–393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.....
33.
Wyckhuys K.A.G., Zou Y., Wanger T.C., Zhou W., Gc Y.D., Lu Y. 2022. Agro-ecology science relates to economic development but not global pesticide pollution. Journal of Environmental Management 307: 114529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenv....
34.
Zaller J.G. 2020. Pesticide impacts on the environment and humans. p. 127–221. In: “Daily Poison: Pesticides - an Underestimated Danger” (J.G. Zaller, ed.) Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
| eISSN: | 1899-007X |
| ISSN: | 1427-4345 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
