ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Dormancy breaking and seed germination of the annual weeds Thlaspi arvense, Descurainia sophia and Malcolmia africana (Brassicaceae)
1
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
2
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, 69315–516, Ilam, Iran
Submission date: 2013-10-16
Acceptance date: 2014-05-28
Corresponding author
Hassan Karimmojeni
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
Journal of Plant Protection Research 2014;54(2):179-187
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
In Iran, Descurainia sophia, Malcolmia africana, and Thlaspi arvense are abundantly found as importunate weeds in winter cereal. Understanding the timing of seed germination under natural conditions is crucial for learning how to manage these annual
weeds. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil burial, dry storage, cold stratification, KNO3, GA3, and scarification on the seed dormancy and germination of these three species. Species had significantly different responses to the treatment. In D. sophia, seeds buried at a depth of 10 cm for 60 days (55%), and seeds dry stored at 20°C for 180 days (45%) showed the highest level of germination. In M.
africana, the germination percentage reached 95% when seeds buried at a depth of 1 cm were soaked in a GA3 concentration of 150 ppm. T. arvense had the lowest level of germination compared to the other species. The highest percentage of T. arvense germination was obtained in seeds treated with 150 ppm GA3. Potassium nitrate partly increased germinability in seeds of M. africana, which initially were less dormant than those of T. arvense and D. sophia.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
REFERENCES (35)
1.
Andersson L., Milberg P., Noronha A. 1997. Germination response of weed seeds to light of short duration and darkness after stratification in soil. Swed. J. Agric. Res. 27 (3): 113–120.
2.
Atwater B.R. 1980. Germination, dormancy and morphology of the seeds of herbaceous ornamental plants. J. Seed Sci. Technol. 8 (4): 523–573.
3.
Baskin C.C., Baskin J.M. 1998. Seeds Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, 666 pp.
4.
Baskin J.M., Baskin C.C. 2004. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Sci. Res. 14 (1): 1–16.
5.
Benech-Arnold R.L., Sanchez R.A., Forcella F., Kruka B.C., Ghersa C.M. 2000. Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil. Field Crops Res. 67 (2): 105–122.
6.
Best K.F. 1977. The biology of Canadian weeds. 22. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. Can. J. Plant Sci. 57 (2): 499–507.
7.
Bouwmeester H.J., Karssen C.M. 1993. Seasonal periodicity in germination of seeds of Chenopodium album L. Ann. Bot. 72 (5): 463–473.
8.
Conn J.S. 1990. Seed viability and dormancy of 17 weed species after burial for 4.7 years in Alaska. Weed Sci. 38 (2): 134–138.
9.
Conn J.S., Deck R.E. 1995. Seed viability and dormancy of 17 weed species after 9.7 years of burial in Alaska. Weed Sci. 43 (4): 583–585.
10.
Cross H. 1933. Laboratory germination of weed seeds. Proc. Assoc. Offic. Seed Anal. of North America 24: 125–128.
11.
Cousens R., Mortimer M. 1995. Dynamics of Weed Populations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 332 pp.
12.
Derkx M.P. M., Karssen C.M. 1993. Effects of light and temperature on seed dormancy and gibberellin-stimulated germination in Arabidopsis thaliana: studies with gibberellin-deficient and insensitive mutants. Plant Physiol. 89 (2): 360–368.
13.
Fenner M. 1991. The effects of the parent environment on seed germinability. Seed Sci. Res. 1 (2): 75–84.
14.
Foley M.E. 2002. Weeds, seeds, and buds-opportunities and systems for dormancy investigations. Weed Sci. 50 (2): 267–272.
15.
Ghadiri H., Torshiz N.B. 2000. Effects of scarification and temperature on germination of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) seeds. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 2 (4): 257–262.
16.
Hilhorst H.W.M. 1990. Dose-response analysis of factors involved in germination and secondary dormancy of seeds of Sisymbrium officinale. II. Nitrate. Plant Physiol. 94 (3): 1096–1102.
17.
Hilhorst H.W.M., Karssen C.M. 1988. Dual effect of light on the gibberellin- and nitrate-stimulated seed germination of Sisymbrium officinale and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 86 (2): 591–597.
18.
Hilhorst H.W.M., Karssen C.M. 1992. Seed dormancy and germination: the role of abscisic acid and gibberellins and the importance of hormone mutants. Plant Growth Regul. 11 (3): 225–238.
19.
Hilhorst H.W., Toorop P.E. 1997. Review on dormancy, germinability and germination in crop and weed seeds. Adv. Agron. 61 (1): 111–165.
20.
Hultén E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press, Stanford, USA, 1008 pp.
21.
Karam N.S., Al-Salem M.M. 2001. Breaking dormancy in Arbutus andrachna L. seeds by stratification and gibberellic acid. Seed Sci. Technol. 29 (1): 51–56.
22.
Li W.Q., Liu X.J., Khan M.A., Kamiya Y., Yamaguchi S. 2005. Hormonal and environmental regulation of seed germination in flixweed (Descurainia sophia). Plant Growth Regul. 45 (3): 199–207.
23.
Makarian H., Rashed Mohassel M.H., Bannayan M., Nassiri M. 2008. Spatial dynamics of weed populations in saffron (Crocus sativus) fields using geostatistics. J. Agri. Sci. Nat. Res. 15 (2): 76–85.
24.
Milberg P. 1997. Weed seed germination after short-term light exposure: germination rate, photon fluence response and interaction with nitrate. Weed Res. 37 (3): 157–164.
25.
Milberg P., Andersson L. 1997. Seasonal variation in dormancy and light sensitivity in buried seeds of eight annual weed species. Can. J. Bot. 75 (11): 1998–2004.
26.
Moyo M., Kulkarni M.G., Finnie J.F., Van Staden J. 2009. Afterripening, light conditions, and cold stratification influence germination of marula [Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro] seeds. HortScience 44 (1): 119–124.
27.
Roberts H.A., Lockett P.M. 1978. Seed dormancy and field emergence in Solanum nigrum L. Weed Res. 18 (4): 231–241.
28.
Shahina A.G. 1994. Handbook of Arabian Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, 265 pp.
29.
Shimi P., Termeh F. 2004. Weeds of Iran. Agricultural Teaching Press, Karaj, Iran, 189 pp.
30.
Saini H.S., Bassi P.K., Goudey J.S., Spencer M.S. 1987. Breakage of seed dormancy of field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) by growth regulators, nitrate, and environmental factors. Weed Sci. 35 (6): 802–806.
31.
Stark N. 1987. A review of exotic plants in wilderness. www.cnr.uidaho.edu/css496/Readings/Exotic_Plants_in_W.pdf [Accessed: November 20, 2012].
32.
Stoller E.W., Wax L.M. 1973. Temperature variations in the surface layers of an agricultural soil. Weed Res. 13 (3): 273–282.
33.
Taab A., Andersson L. 2009. Seed dormancy dynamics and germination characteristics of Solanum nigrum. Weed Res. 49 (5): 490–498.
34.
Von Teichman I., Small J.G.C., Robbertse P.J. 1986. A preliminary study on the germination of Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra. J. South Afr. Bot. 52 (2): 145–148.
35.
Wagenvoort W.A., Van Opstal N.A. 1979. The effect of constant and alternating temperatures, rinsing, stratification and fertilizer on germination of some weed species. Sci. Hort. 10 (1): 15–20.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1899-007X |
| ISSN: | 1427-4345 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
